Ratu Boko Temple: Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia

 Ratu Boko Temple: Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia

 

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Ratu Boko is an archaeological site known to modern Javanese as Kraton Ratu Boko or Ratu Boko's Palace. Ratu Boko is located on a plateau, about three kilometres south of Lara Jonggrang Prambanan temple complex in Yogyakarta Indonesia. The original name of this site is still unclear, however the local inhabitants named this site after King Boko, the legendary king mentioned in Loro Jonggrang folklore.

The site covers 16 hectares in two hamlets (Dawung and Sambireja) of the village of Bokoharjo and Prambanan, Sleman Regency. In striking contrast to other Classic-period sites in Central Java and Yogyakarta, which are remains of temples, Ratu Boko displays attributes of an occupation or settlement site, although its precise functions is unknown. Probably the site was a palace complex which belongs to the kings of Sailendra or Mataram Kingdom that also build temples scattered across Prambanan Plain. The argument was based on the fact that this complex was not a temple nor building with religious nature, but a fortified palace instead which evidence in the remnant of fortified walls and the dry moat as defensive structures.The remains of settlements also founds in Ratu Boko vicinity. This site is located 196 m above the sea level, on the highest point in the site, there is a small pavilion from which one will be able to see a panoramic view of Prambanan temple with Mount Merapi as the background.

At Ratu Boko, traces of probable secular structures were erected on a plateau divided into terraces separated from each other by stone walls and stone-faced ramparts (talud). The site was reached by a steep path up the northwest slope of the plateau, in the direction of Prambanan. The structural remains in the terrace at Ratu Boko site consist of places with folk names connected with palaces such as paseban (reception pavilion), pendopo (audience hall) and kaputren (women's quarter). A pool complex lies on a terrace adjoining the east side of the pendopo. A group of artificial caves, probably for meditation, lies to the north, isolated from the rest of the site. These archaeological sites are.

The first of three terraces is reached through a massive gateway built on two levels. On the western edge of this terrace is a high talud of soft white limestone. The second terrace, separated from the first by andesite wall, is reached through a gateway in paduraksa form consisting of three doors, a larger central one flanked by two of lesser dimensions. The third terrace, the largest, contains the richest concentrations of archaeological remains. Another talud and andesite wall separate the third terrace from the second terrace, with another connecting gateway of paduraksa form, this time consisting of five doors, again the central one having larger dimensions than the two which flank it.

It is read on the main gate Panabwara that was written by Rakai Panabwara, descendant of Rakai Panangkaran. He carved his name there in order to legitimate his authority of this palace.

King Boko is a legendary character known from popular folklore of Loro Jonggrang. This folklore connects the Ratu Boko Palace, the Durga statue in Prambanan temple (which is identified by local folklore as Loro Jonggrang), and the origin of the Sewu temple complex nearby. Prince Bandung Bondowoso loved Princess Loro Jonggrang, the daughter of King Boko, but she rejected his proposal of marriage because Bandung Bondowoso had killed King Boko and ruled her kingdom. Bandung Bondowoso insisted on the union, and finally Loro Jonggrang was forced to agree for a union in marriage, but she posed one condition: Bandung must build her a thousand temples in one night. He entered into meditation and conjured up a multitude of spirits (genies or demons) from the earth. They succeeded in building 999 temples. Loro Jonggrang then woke her palace maids and ordered them to begin pounding rice. This awoke the roosters, which began to crow. The genies, hearing the sound of morning, believed the sun was about to rise and so disappeared back into the ground. Thus the prince was fooled, in revenge he cursed the princess and turned her into a stone statue. According to the traditions, she is the image of Durga in the north cell of the Shiva temple at Prambanan, which is still known as Loro Jonggrang or Slender Virgin.

Get There. The closest cities to  Prambanan, are either Yogyakarta or Semarang and Solo. Garuda Indonesia, Mandala, Merpati Nusantara Airlines and a number of domestic airlines fly to these cities from Jakarta and other large cities in Indonesia. AirAsia is the first international airline that flies direct from Kuala Lumpur to Yogyakarta. From Yogyakarta and Solo, you can rent a car to go to Klaten or reguler bus.

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Prambanan Temple, Central Java Indonesia

 Prambanan Temple, Central Java Indonesia

 

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Candi Prambanan or Candi Rara Jonggrang is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Central Java, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimurti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the Preserver (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva). The temple compound is located approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of the city of Yogyakarta on the boundary between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces.

The temple compound, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest Hindu temple site in Indonesia, and one of the biggest in Southeast Asia. It is characterized by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the towering 47-metre-high (154 ft) central building inside a large complex of individual temples. Prambanan attracts many visitors from across the world.

The present name of the temple, Prambanan', was derived from the name of Prambanan village where the temple stood, this name probably being the corrupted Javanese pronunciation of "Para Brahman" ("The Supreme Brahman"). It is also possible Prambanan comes from Javanese root '(e)mban' which means carries a duty, reflecting gods role in the world, or the villagers duty in relation to the temple. Comparable with parahyangan (western part of Java island), comes from the root hyang, means god, or (e)yang, means ancestor in Javanese.

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the construction of this royal temple was probably started by Rakai Pikatan as the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty's answer to the Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty's Borobudur and Sewu temples nearby. Historians suggest that the construction of Prambanan probably was meant to mark the return of the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty to power in Central Java after almost a century of Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty domination. Nevertheless, the construction of this massive Hindu temple signifies that the Medang court had shifted the focus of its patronage from Mahayana Buddhism to Shivaist Hinduism.

A temple was first built at the site around 850 CE by Rakai Pikatan and expanded extensively by King Lokapala and Balitung Maha Sambu the Sanjaya king of the Mataram Kingdom. According to the Shivagrha inscription of 856 CE, the temple was built to honor Lord Shiva and its original name was Shiva-grha (the House of Shiva) or Shiva-laya (the Realm of Shiva). According to Shivagrha inscription, a public water project to change the course of a river near Shivagrha Temple was conducted during the construction of the temple. The river, identified as the Opak River, now runs north to south on the western side of the Prambanan temple compound. Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near to the main temple. The project was done by cutting the river along a north to south axis along the outer wall of the Shivagrha Temple compound. The former river course was filled in and made level to create a wider space for the temple expansion, the space for rows of pervara (complementary) temples.

Some archaeologists propose that the statue of Shiva in the garbhagriha (central chamber) of the main temple was modelled after King Balitung, serving as a depiction of his deified self after death.

The temple compound was expanded by successive Mataram kings such as Daksa and Tulodong with the addition of hundreds of perwara temples around the chief temple. Prambanan served as the royal temple of the Kingdom of Mataram, with most of the state's religious ceremonies and sacrifices being conducted there. At the height of kingdom, scholars estimate that hundreds of brahmins with their disciples lived within the outer wall of the temple compound. The urban center and the court of Mataram were located nearby, somewhere in the Prambanan Plain.

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Originally there were a total of 240 temples standing in Prambanan. The Prambanan Temple Compound consist of:

1. 3 Trimurti temples: three main temples dedicated to Shiva, Visnu, and Brahma
2. 3 Vahana temples: three temples in front of Trimurti temples dedicated to the vahana of each gods; Nandi, Garuda, and Hamsa
3. 2 Apit temples: two temples located between the rows of Trimurti and Vahana temples on north and south side
4. 4 Kelir temples: four small shrines located on 4 cardinal directions right beyond the 4 main gates of inner zone
5. 4 Patok temples: four small shrines located on 4 corners of inner zone
6. 224 Pervara temples: hundreds of temples arranged in 4 concentric square rows; numbers of temples from inner row to outer row are: 44, 52, 60, and 68

The Prambanan compound also known as Rara Jonggrang complex, named after the popular legend of Rara Jonggrang. There were once 240 temples stood in this Shivaite temple complex, either big or small. Today, all of 8 main temples and 8 small shrines in inner zone are reconstructed, but only 2 out of the original 224 pervara temples are renovated. The majority of them have deteriorated; what is left are only scattered stones. The Prambanan temple complex consists of three zones; first the outer zone, second the middle zone that contains hundreds of small temples, and third the holiest inner zone that contains eight main temples and eight small shrines.

The Hindu temple complex at Prambanan is based on a square plan that contains a total of three zone yards, each of which is surrounded by four walls pierced by four large gates. The outer zone is a large space marked by a rectangular wall. The outermost walled perimieter, which originally measured about 390 metres per side, was oriented in the northeast, southwest direction. However, except for its southern gate, not much else of this enclosure has survived down to the present. The original function is unknown; possibilities are that it was a sacred park, or priests' boarding school (ashram). The supporting buildings for the temple complex were made from organic material; as a consequence no remains occur.

Get There. The closest cities to  Prambanan, are either Yogyakarta or Semarang. Garuda Indonesia, Mandala, Merpati Nusantara Airlines and a number of domestic airlines fly to these cities from Jakarta and other large cities in Indonesia. AirAsia is the first international airline that flies direct from Kuala Lumpur to Yogyakarta. From Yogyakarta, you can rent a car to go to Klaten.

Sumber wikipedia.org

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Candi Borobudur: Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

Candi Borobudur: Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

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Candi dalam Bahasa Indonesia, adalah bangunan keagamaan purbakala; istilah candi juga digunakan secara lebih luas untuk merujuk kepada semua bangunan purbakala yang berasal dari masa Hindu-Buddha di Nusantara, misalnya gerbang, gapura, dan petirtaan (kolam dan pancuran pemandian). Asal mula nama Borobudur tidak jelas, meskipun memang nama asli dari kebanyakan candi di Indonesia tidak diketahui. Nama Borobudur pertama kali ditulis dalam buku "Sejarah Pulau Jawa" karya Sir Thomas Raffles. Raffles menulis mengenai monumen bernama borobudur, akan tetapi tidak ada dokumen yang lebih tua yang menyebutkan nama yang sama persis. Satu-satunya naskah Jawa kuno yang memberi petunjuk mengenai adanya bangunan suci Buddha yang mungkin merujuk kepada Borobudur adalah Nagarakretagama, yang ditulis oleh Mpu Prapanca pada 1365.

Nama Bore-Budur, yang kemudian ditulis BoroBudur, kemungkinan ditulis Raffles dalam tata bahasa Inggris untuk menyebut desa terdekat dengan candi itu yaitu desa Bore (Boro); kebanyakan candi memang seringkali dinamai berdasarkan desa tempat candi itu berdiri. Raffles juga menduga bahwa istilah 'Budur' mungkin berkaitan dengan istilah Buda dalam bahasa Jawa yang berarti "purba"– maka bermakna, "Boro purba". Akan tetapi arkeolog lain beranggapan bahwa nama Budur berasal dari istilah bhudhara yang berarti gunung.

Banyak teori yang berusaha menjelaskan nama candi ini. Salah satunya menyatakan bahwa nama ini kemungkinan berasal dari kata Sambharabhudhara, yaitu artinya "gunung" (bhudara) di mana di lereng-lerengnya terletak teras-teras. Selain itu terdapat beberapa etimologi rakyat lainnya. Misalkan kata borobudur berasal dari ucapan "para Buddha" yang karena pergeseran bunyi menjadi borobudur. Penjelasan lain ialah bahwa nama ini berasal dari dua kata "bara" dan "beduhur". Kata bara konon berasal dari kata vihara, sementara ada pula penjelasan lain di mana bara berasal dari bahasa Sanskerta yang artinya kompleks candi atau biara dan beduhur artinya ialah "tinggi", atau mengingatkan dalam bahasa Bali yang berarti "di atas". Jadi maksudnya ialah sebuah biara atau asrama yang berada di tanah tinggi.

Borobudur adalah sebuah candi Buddha yang terletak di Borobudur, Magelang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Lokasi candi adalah kurang lebih 100 km di sebelah barat daya Semarang, 86 km di sebelah barat Surakarta, dan 40 km di sebelah barat laut Yogyakarta. Candi berbentuk stupa ini didirikan oleh para penganut agama Buddha Mahayana sekitar tahun 800-an Masehi pada masa pemerintahan wangsa Syailendra. Borobudur adalah candi atau kuil Buddha terbesar di dunia, sekaligus salah satu monumen Buddha terbesar di dunia.

Monumen ini terdiri atas enam teras berbentuk bujur sangkar yang diatasnya terdapat tiga pelataran melingkar, pada dindingnya dihiasi dengan 2.672 panel relief dan aslinya terdapat 504 arca Buddha. Borobudur memiliki koleksi relief Buddha terlengkap dan terbanyak di dunia. Stupa utama terbesar teletak di tengah sekaligus memahkotai bangunan ini, dikelilingi oleh tiga barisan melingkar 72 stupa berlubang yang di dalamnya terdapat arca buddha tengah duduk bersila dalam posisi teratai sempurna dengan mudra (sikap tangan) Dharmachakra mudra (memutar roda dharma).

Monumen ini merupakan model alam semesta dan dibangun sebagai tempat suci untuk memuliakan Buddha sekaligus berfungsi sebagai tempat ziarah untuk menuntun umat manusia beralih dari alam nafsu duniawi menuju pencerahan dan kebijaksanaan sesuai ajaran Buddha. Para peziarah masuk melalui sisi timur memulai ritual di dasar candi dengan berjalan melingkari bangunan suci ini searah jarum jam, sambil terus naik ke undakan berikutnya melalui tiga tingkatan ranah dalam kosmologi Buddha. Ketiga tingkatan itu adalah Kāmadhātu (ranah hawa nafsu), Rupadhatu (ranah berwujud), dan Arupadhatu (ranah tak berwujud). Dalam perjalanannya ini peziarah berjalan melalui serangkaian lorong dan tangga dengan menyaksikan tak kurang dari 1.460 panel relief indah yang terukir pada dinding dan pagar langkan.

Menurut bukti-bukti sejarah, Borobudur ditinggalkan pada abad ke-14 seiring melemahnya pengaruh kerajaan Hindu dan Buddha di Jawa serta mulai masuknya pengaruh Islam. Dunia mulai menyadari keberadaan bangunan ini sejak ditemukan 1814 oleh Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, yang saat itu menjabat sebagai Gubernur Jenderal Inggris atas Jawa. Sejak saat itu Borobudur telah mengalami serangkaian upaya penyelamatan dan pemugaran. Proyek pemugaran terbesar digelar pada kurun 1975 hingga 1982 atas upaya Pemerintah Republik Indonesia dan UNESCO, kemudian situs bersejarah ini masuk dalam daftar Situs Warisan Dunia.

Borobudur kini masih digunakan sebagai tempat ziarah keagamaan; tiap tahun umat Buddha yang datang dari seluruh Indonesia dan mancanegara berkumpul di Borobudur untuk memperingati Trisuci Waisak. Dalam dunia pariwisata, Borobudur adalah obyek wisata tunggal di Indonesia yang paling banyak dikunjungi wisatawan.

Sumber:id.wikipedia.org

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BOROBUDUR TEMPLE

BOROBUDUR TEMPLE 
 

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The world's largest Buddhist temple which is one of the masterpieces among the Seven Wonders of the World is located in the Borobudur Village, Borobudur district, approximatelly ± 3 km from Mungkid city. Borobudur was built by King Samaratungga, one of the kings of Ancient Mataram Kingdom, from the descendant of Wangsa Syailendra. Based on the Kayumwungan inscription, an Indonesian named Hudaya Kandahjaya revealed that Borobudur is a place of worship which was completely built on May 26th, 824 almost a hundred years since they first started the construction. According to several sources the name of “Borobudur” means as a mountain with terraces (budhara), while others says that it means monastery located on the high ground.

Borobudur temple was designed as staircase consistsing of 10 levels. Before Borobudur was renovated, the height of the temple was 42 meters and 34.5 meters after the reconstruction because the lowest level functioned as a barrier after being renovated. The six lowest square and top three circle and one of the highest levels of Buddhist stupa is facing to the West. Each level represents the stages of human life. In accordance with Mahayana Buddhism teaching, every person who wants to reach the level as the Buddha must passed through every level of human life. Kamadhatu, the lowest part of Borobudur (basement) symbolizing human beings that are bound by lust. Whereas the other four levels above referred as Rupadhatu who symbolizes the ability of humanbeing to break free from his/her lust yet bound with manner and human form itself. On this terrace, the statue of Buddha is placed in an open space. Meanwhile, the other three levels above where the Buddhist stupas are laid in holes is called Arupadhatu, symbolizing humanbeing who has been freed from lust, appearance, and human form. The highest part is called Arupa symbolizes nirvana, where Buddha is residing. 

Sumber:central-java-tourism.com

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